History of Civilization

History of Civilization

World history is the history of civilzation, beginning with the Paleolithic era. Distinct from the history of the Earth (including the geological history and biological early prehuman times), world history includes the study of archaeological and written records of antiquity on. The ancient recorded history begins with the invention of writing.  However, the roots of civilization back to the period before the invention of writing. Prehistory starts to the Paleolithic era, or "stone age", which is followed by the Neolithic or Stone Age, and the agricultural revolution (between 8000 and 5000 BCE) in the Fertile Crescent. The Neolithic Revolution marked a change in human history, as humans began the systematic breeding of plants and animals.  The high-tech agriculture, and most humans went from a nomadic to a settled life as farmers in permanent villages. Nomadism continued in some places, particularly in remote with few species of domesticated plants regions , but the relative security and increased productivity provided by farming allowed human communities grow in more units larger, favored by the advances in transportation.


As agriculture developed, grain farming has become more sophisticated and caused a division of labor to store food between growing seasons. Divisions of labor and led to the emergence of a leisured upper class and the development of cities. . The growing complexity of human societies writing and accounting  systems Many cities have developed on the shores of lakes and rivers need, as early as 3000 BC some of the earliest settlements renowned well developed had arisen in Mesopotamia  on the banks of the Nile in Egypt, and in the Indus Valley. Similar civilizations probably developed along major rivers in China, but archaeological evidence of large urban construction is less conclusive.



The history of the Old World (especially Europe and the Mediterranean) is generally divided into ancient history (or "ancient") to 476 CE, the Post Classic period (or "Middle Ages" ), the 5th to the 15th century, including the Islamic Golden Age (c. 750 CE - c 1258 CE) and the beginning of the European Renaissance (beginning around 1300 CE) .  the modern age , from the 15th century to the late 18th century, including the Enlightenment and the late modern period, from the Industrial Revolution to the present day, including history contemporary. The ancient Near East,  Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome figures prominently in the period of antiquity. In the history of Western Europe, the fall in 476 CE Romulus Augustus, by some accounts the last Roman Emperor of the West, is generally regarded as marking the end of Antiquity and the early Middle Ages. In contrast, in Eastern Europe has been a transition from the Roman Empire to the Byzantine Empire, which has not decreased much later. In the mid-15th century, the invention of modern printing by Johannes Gutenberg,  using movable type, revolutionized communication, helping end the Middle Ages and pave the way for the scientific revolution.  By the 18th century, the accumulation of knowledge and technology, especially in Europe, have reached a critical mass that caused the Industrial Revolution.
Apart from the Old World, including ancient China,  and ancient India, historical timelines folded differently. By the 18th century, however, due to significant world trade and colonization, the history of most civilizations were greatly intertwined (see globalization). In the last quarter of a millennium, the rate of population growth, knowledge, technology, trade, weapons destruction and degradation of the environment has greatly accelerated, creating opportunities and dangers facing today 'Today the human communities around the world.